***********************Index*******English*************LINK & etc.*************
Oral lecture
Subject and environment
(7 slides)
Slide 1 Environment described in dictionary
(slide
1)
I
want to discuss the relation between the subject and the environment. Several
years ago . I have somewhat discussed "Environment" described in the
dictionary. Some technical terms concerning the environment are shown in the
dictionary. The purpose of my discussion is to understand these technical terms
unitedly.
The reason to discuss "Environment" described in the dictionary is
shown in the following slide.
(Slide 1) Hereafter, I will speak my idea of the relation between the subject and the environment. I have spoken the environment described in the dictionary in the meeting several years ago a little. The dictionary that I referred at that time is a biology dictionary and an environmental science cyclopedia. Some technical terms are shown in these dictionaries for the environment. The technical term is an environment, a habitat factor, an internal environment, and a subjective environment. It reviews easily.
The environment is surroundings of a certain subject. The habitat factor is an abiotic environment (physics, chemistry, climate, and soil) and a biological environments.
The explanation of an internal environment is different in the biology dictionary and the environmental science cyclopedia. An inner environment is explained a metaphor expression in an internal state of organism in the biology dictionary. In this case, the subject is a cell etc.
In the environmental science cyclopedia, the concept of an internal environment develops into the concept of homeostasis of the human body.
An subjective environment means the environmental image received by Organisms which is the subject.
Besides this, the content which cannot be at once understood for the environment is shown in the biology dictionary.
"Environment which does not specify the subject" cannot be understood. "Environment" is understood according to the understanding of organism and nature. How should we understand these?
I showed my understanding of environment several years ago.
At this time, I explained, "The environment is a habitat factor" now.
The above-mentioned difficult point cannot be understood.
I want to include the above-mentioned difficult point, and understand "Environment" unitedly.
The reason why I came to think about the environment is described with the following slide.
Slide 2 Interaction of earthworm and Environment
(slide
2)
I
researched earthworm's material, energy metabolism, the self regulation of
population density, and the composition of earthworm community when I was young.
I summarized these results to the rough sketch of the interaction of the
earthworm and the environment. This rough sketch is not useful as a concrete
tool to obtain knowledge. I think that this figure is useful as the rough sketch
of "What am I this doing?".
In the following slide, I look for the model of this rough sketch.
(slide2) I researched the energy balance of earthworm's individual, the relation between individuals of the same species (division of the amount of the resource), and the relation between individuals of a different species (division of the quality of the resource) in old times. What is the energy balance of earthworm 's individual concretely? The earthworm should feed on something to be born and to live. Earthworm chooses litter and soil from the surrounding (environment), and takes litter and soil in a ratio of 25:75. Earthworm cannot live by the feeding only of litter. At this time, a digestive rate of the earthworm is 2%. A digestive rate changes greatly when the ratio of feeding changes. Assimilating energy and material are used for growth and respiration. 60% is used for respiration and 40% is used for growth. The material used for the respiration is exhausted to the soil atmosphere as carbon dioxide. The energy used for the respiration is discharged into space because it does not circulate. Earthworm feeds by natural enemy or completes longevity and dies. That is, earthworm's body disappears somewhere of the following food chain.
Next, I explain "Division of the amount of the resource". The earthworm of one gram exhausts the excrement of 1g a day. This is exhausted to the environment. The eaten material will pass earthworm's intestines in four hours. The number of enterobacteria increases by a factor of 3-5 at this time. Afterwards, a filamentous fungus increases on the surface of fecal pellets. Fecal pellets that the earthworm exhausted becomes earthworm's shelter-habitat. If it does not rain, the earthworm fecal pellet becomes good habitat. On the other hand, if it rains, it becomes bad habitat.
The reason which becomes good habitat when drying is as follows. When drying, the earthworm fecal pellet is also high the moisture retentivity, and builds the crumbled structure. This character of the earthworm fecal pellet offers a good environment for earthworm's movement and living. Therefore, when drying, earthworm forms the aggregate in the place where the fecal pellet is thick. However, when dryness continues long, the earthworm might enter the state of hunger.
The reason why the earthworm fecal pellet becomes earthworm's bad environment at rain is as follows.
The reason which becomes good habitat when drying is as follows. When it rains, the bacillus and filamentous fungus are activated. Then, the soil respiration increases by a factor of 2-3. When the density of carbon dioxide of the soil air exceeds 25%, earthworm runs away a soil surface. An unlucky earthworm is put to the sunray, dries up in the roadside, and dies. Population density decreases, resource of a survived individual is ensured, and next generation's cocoon is left. Earthworm goes out on the road and dies in early summer. Why does the phenomenon occur in early summer? Population density of this earthworm is 60 per square meter in the beginning of June. The weight of the earthworm reaches about two grams at this season. The value in which weight is multiplied by population density shows the peak in early summer. The activity of earthworm population peaks in early summer. Fecal pellets is produced most voluminously. If it rains, the respiration of wormcast becomes the highest. The value of habitat of wormcast decreases, and earthworm moves all together. Then, the large amount of the earthworm death occurs.
Next, I explain "Division of the quality of the resource". There is an earthworm of species of ten or more in Fukuoka outskirts. Species changes places while going from the meadow to the woods and the forest. Species changes places while going from the meadow to the woods and the forest. Several earthworms are in the meadow. Each species especially does life histoly little by little there. The living place and life histoly are also the same, and as for each species, the favor of a minute environment and the favor of food are different. .Earthworm's each species is mutually shared along three axes of distributed region, life histoly, and the favor of food.
The above-mentioned result is all of my research.
I think that an individual research result of showing previously is an individual side of the life of a certain species.
Therefore, I arranged the earthworm in the left of figure, arranged the environment under figure, and arranged the result of the interaction at the center of figure.
Here, the environment does not mean everything the earthworm
environment.
I show my idea of the environment by the following comparison. The soil and litter are called from the surrounding corresponding to the food requisition of the earthworm.
The following questions remain. For what is it useful to make such a figure? This rough sketch is not useful as a concrete tool to obtain knowledge.
For instance, this rough sketch does not show the measuring method of a digestive rate of the earthworm.
What am I doing now? What data in the future is necessary? How do you want to understand the life of the earthworm as a whole?"
I think this figure to be useful as the rough sketch of the research. Next, I search for the model of this rough sketch.
Slide 3 "Interaction of earthworm and Environment" and "double holonic loop"
(slide
3)
I looked for the model of the interaction of the earthworm and the environment.
I found the concept of the double holonic loop described in Prof. Shimizu's book
"Life and place" at the end. (At that time in 1970, Hiroshi Shimizu is
an assistant professor with the metabolic physiology of Kyushu University. ) I
summarize the concept of the double holonic loop that Prof. Shimizu proposed as
follows. The life is related to both the place in the inside and the place on
the outside as the environment. To adjust the state of both places, the life is
self-created. The environment has not been essentially limited. The life limits
the content of the environment.
I show the relation between double holonic loop and "Environment"
described in the dictionary in the following slide.
(slide3) The interaction of ゛ earthworm and the environment was shown in the left of figure. The lower side of figure shows the inner world of earthworm, the upper part of figure shows the environment, and the center part shows an individual phenomenon. I searched for the model by whom it explained this well. I reached the idea of Shimizu's "Life and place" at last. I summarize the idea of Shimizu's "Life and place" as follows. The life is related to both the place in the inside and the place on the outside as the environment. To adjust the state of both places, the life is self-created. The environment has not been essentially limited. It is a role of the life to limit the content of the environment. I understand "Concept of Shimizu's double holonic loop" as shown in the rough sketch shown in the right of figure. "Double holonic loop" shown in the right of figure is the same structure as "Earthworm's interaction" shown in the left of figure.
I show the relation between "Life and place" and "Environment described in the dictionary" with the following slide.
Slide 4 "Environment described in dictionary" and "double holonic loop"
(slide
4)
I arranged some technical terms of the environment described in the dictionary
along a double holonic roop. I understand that some technical terms of the
environment described in the dictionary show an individual side of the
interaction of the life and the external world. An initial purpose was achieved
by this. However, I have not consented enough yet by some respects. (relation
between internal environment and deep consideration and relations between
subjective environment and place) Moreover, the observer is not written in this
figure. The observer is observing it from the outside of this figure.
Thereafter, I try my reflection and the view of my work after the retirement
age.
(slide4) I arranged some technical terms of the environment described in the dictionary along a double holonic roop. Left figure shows the technical term. There is only a word said, "Subject" in the dictionary.I understand that "Subject" is composed of an internal demand (an inner requisition) and an inner environment. The subject judges the external world by an own sense, and approaches the external world by an own ability. I understand that "Environment" variously expressed in the dictionary shows an individual side of the interaction of the life and the external world. My initial purpose was achieved by this. However, some have the part does not explain still enough. It is necessary to examine whether an individual content of right, left figure is the same. "Habitat factor as a part of the environment" of left figure is described in another thinking. Now, the investigation of the relation between an internal environment and deep consideration and the relations between an independent environment and the place is problems. "Internal environment" is explained a metaphor expression in the state in organism in the biology dictionary. And, it is explained that the subject is a cell etc. It is explained that "Internal environment" is a liquid element of organism in the environmental science cyclopedia. In addition, this idea is explained development in the concept of homeostasis of organism. How should I understand the part considered to be deep consciousness in the holonic loop? Shimizu is paraphrasing deep consciousness in his book “life and space" as transcendent others etc. And, Shimizu keeps explaining further as follows. As for the life, Organism memorizes the history of several hundred million 30 years in this deep consciousness. The deep consciousness moves the life from the inside. Then, we might replace deep consciousness with DNA or the genome. However, it is excess. I want to understand deep consciousness from saying, "Shape" or "System". I understand shape as follows. The earthworm has a long and slender body. The earthworm lives in the soil, and is feeding on the soil and the fallen leaf according to the shape. Man has the foot, the hand, and eyes. Man communicates in the word, and is making the tool from the shape. Man is producing food etc. with a field tool. Next, I want to describe the relation between an independent environment and the place. Next, I want to describe the relation between an independent environment and the place. Shimizu is describing in his book as follows. The environment that the life feels is a place. In that case, is "subjective environment described in the dictionary" the same as the place? However, the problem is as follows. Shimizu dares to be using the word of "Place" in the explanation of the holonic roop concept. It is explained in the philosophy of Japan that subject logic does not work but predicate logic works at the place. Explaining this thought exceeds my ability. However, I want to understand this situation as follows. Neither litter nor the soil which exists in the environment are earthworm's food. It becomes earthworm's food for the first time by the earthworm's existing there. As for the value of habitat of earthworm's wormcast, it is similar. Earthworm's wormcast becomes good habitat, and becomes bad habitat for the first time by the evaluation by the earthworm.
I end the majority of explanations of the subject and the environment by this. However, I am not explaining about the observer.
In the biology dictionary, there are the following explanations about the environment.
"Environment which does not specify the subject" cannot be understood. "Environment" is understood according to the understanding of organism and nature. This explanation shows the following. The environment is different according to the observer. However, the observer is not written in this figure. The observer is observing it from the outside of this figure. However, the observer is organism. Therefore, the observer also builds a double holonic loop into. However, man has accumulated the experience and study between a shallow layer and the depths. It forms each observer's individuality. I guess from this as follows. The world is different according to the observer. I end the explanation of the relation between the subject and the environment by this. I view my work thereafter by the slide thereafter. (2006/07/16 translation)
Slide 5 Content expected of ecology in 1970's
(slide
5)
I want to reflect on the role of ecology in pollution and environmental
problems. Ecology was a boom in strangeness in 1970's. Ecology was the saviour
of pollution and environmental problems. Was ecology useful for the solution of
pollution and environmental problems? Is ecology a science? It is doubtful
enough. Ecology shows the outlook on the world. Robert P-Macintosh History of
ecology concept and theory
If ecology is not a science in a usual meaning but it is an outlook on the
world, the current problem is side of ecology as the outlook on the world.
(slide
5)
Rachel Carson published book “The Silent Spring" in 1960's.
Ecology was a boom in strangeness for a while after that.
Ecology was the saviour of pollution and environmental problems.
Then, was ecology useful for the solution of pollution and environmental problems?
Was ecology useful for a technical solution of the pollution environmental problems?
I collected the earthworm from 30 places in the factory zone, and measured the density of the heavy metal of the earthworm in 1980's.
In the sample of two points, near the refinement place, the Cd density was a considerably high value.
However, I was not able to develop this result to the technology of the contaminant removal by the ecological magnification etc. for various reasons.
McINTOSH 1985 said, Ecology offers a new aspect of the interrelation of the natural phenomenon to the philosophy and the human
science (Robert P. McINTOSH 1985 : The Background of Ecology Concept and theory).
Ecology was not a science in a usual meaning but an outlook on the world.
I want to discuss an outlook on the world role of ecology a little.
Slide 6 Ecology as not ecology as science but thought
(slide
6)
A
part of introduction of Prof. Morioka's environmental ethics
(slide 6) The following consideration was quoted from the homepage of Prof. Morioka's environmental ethics.
Prof. Morioka said,
It is said that we should defend nature. Why should we defend nature? However, we do not have a clear answer to the reason. There is two thought of the defense of natural environment. One is maintenance, and another is preservation. These two words are not the same. Of each is different thought.
Maintenance: Shallow ecology
To make the human race not fall into the crisis, natural environment is preserved.
The concrete content is air purification and gene preservation.
Preservation: Deep ecology
The deep ecology criticizes the shallow ecology as follows.
The main target of shallow ecology is healthy and prospers about the people who live in advanced nations.
It insists on the deep ecology as follows.
Networks of abundant lives of the virgin forest and the ecosystem have valuable value.
A concrete target of the deep ecology should be as follow,
Do not dispose of the nature as man's tool.
The deep ecology adopts "Principle of variety and symbiosis"
On the other hand, there are the following criticisms for the deep ecology.
The deep ecology was formed by an intellectual elite of the white of the middle class of Europe and America (Man: of the male sex: an androcentric society)
And, to solve this contradiction, Prof. Morioka is described to be necessary new ecological ethics.
And, I want to think something to be Prof. Morioka's new ecological ethics as follows.
. It is translating.
Slide 7 Three natures of human's life
(slide 7) summary
"Three natures of man's life" that Prof. Morioka says looks like earthworm's ecology. (2)"Nature of self-profit": The earthworm is eating the material that the plant dies. (3) "Nature of support" The earthworm is distributing the amount of the resource between individuals of the same species. Moreover, the earthworm is distributing the quality of the resource between species. "Nature of ranging" is an environment to which (2) and (3) have been passed. Then, earthworm's ecology might be able to show something a new aspect to man's ethics about the interrelation with the environment. However, I am hesitant to the word ethics.
(slide
7)Prof. Morioka insists as
follows.
We should think from "Three natures of man's life" for the environmental ethics establishment.
It is necessary to think about not only ecological ethics but also bioethics from these three
natures. Then, what are three natures of man's life?
1 "Nature of ranging"
2 "Nature of self-profit"
3 "Nature of support".
I think that Prof. Morioka's "Three natures of man's life" looks like earthworm's ecology.
(2)"Nature of self-profit": The earthworm
is eating the material that the plant dies. (3) "Nature of support"
The earthworm is distributing the amount of the resource between individuals of
the same species. Moreover,
the earthworm is distributing the quality of the resource between species. "Nature
of ranging" is an environment to which (2) and (3) have been passed. Then,
earthworm's ecology might be able to show something a new aspect to man's ethics
about the interrelation with the environment. However,
I am hesitant to the word ethics. I cannot consider ecological ethics. What should I do after the retirement?
Recently, the word of biological diversity is a large fashion.
However, is being highlighted by it an attractive living thing?
The living thing that the authority person recommends is highlighted further.
The earthworm has ugly shape.
The earthworm is not highlighted about the problem of biological diversity though the earthworm is cultivating the earth.
Earthworm's taxonomy is not necessarily advanced.
After the retirement age, I collect the earthworm in Fukuoka and Kyushu (Japan).
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Preliminary report of the Earthworms from Fukuoka Kyushu Japan
Amynthas and Metaphire in Fukuoka Kyushu Japan (Another page)
hilgendorfi/tokioensis species complex in Fukuoka Kyushu Japan (Another page)
Pheretima sieboldi at Mt. Houman (Alt. 829m) Fukuoka Kyushu
The living state of earthworm and "I" observing
Summary of subject and environment theory (7 slides )
Lecture summary for Academic meeting of earthworm in May 26, 2002 Miyazaki
Tikitiki Original site of my earthworm ecology
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